The European Commission issued five country-specific recommendations (CSRs) to Cyprus as part of the 2025 European Semester Spring Package, presented on Wednesday in Brussels, calling on Nicosia to ensure adherence to its agreed net expenditure path despite running fiscal surpluses, strengthen research, innovation and the business environment — with judicial efficiency singled out as a new priority this year, accelerate the energy transition and improve water and waste management at local level, address labour market shortages with a new focus on job quality and gender equality, and tackle the lack of social housing.